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GATEWAY EXCHANGE

The gateway exchange is the center at which the international exchange multiplex equipment and ancillary equipment, for international telephone and/or telegraph, Telex data, Television and Facsimile are located.

NWD - NATION WIDE DIALING SYSTEM

The Nation Wide Dialing System ( NWD ) was introduced in Pakistan between a few cities in 1976. This system has now extended to all over the country.

Radio Frequency - RF Spectrum

Radio signals are transmitted through electromagnetic waves, also called radio waves, in radio communication system. The radio waves have a wide frequency range starting from a few ten kilo Hertz (kHz) to several thousand Mega Hertz (MHz).

NOISE

With reference to an electrical system, noise may be defined as any unwanted form of energy which tends to... Read more about NOISE

Types Of Antenna's

Half Wave Dipole Antenna

As shown in the given diagram, the half wave dipole consists of a conducting wire cut from the center where the input is provided in case of transmission or output is obtained in case of reception.

TERMS OF MODULATION

The ratio of the frequency deviation to the modulating frequency is known as the modulation index. Read more about TERMS OF MODULATION

Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis

Pre-emphasis circuit Pre-emphasis refers to booting the relative amplitudes of the modulating voltage for higher audio frequencies from 2 to approximately 15 KHz.

TV - TELEVISION TRANSMITTER

The basic television Broadcast transmitter block diagram is shown in figure (a). The block diagram can be broadly divided into two separate section Read more about TV - TELEVISION TRANSMITTER

Half & Quarter Wave Length Transmission Lines

As shown in the given diagram the half wave length transmission line can be open circuited or short circuited. The length of the transmission line is valid only for the particular frequency at which λ/2 of that transmission line is calculated other than that frequency. Read more about Half & Quarter Wave Length Transmission Lines

TRANSMISSION LINE

Co-axial Cable

Transmission line is defined as the path of carrying alternating electrical energy from source to load. For example the wire used between T.V antenna and television set or the wire used between transmitter antenna and transmitter are known as transmission

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