Amplified Output Of A Transistor

The transistor is used to amplify the weak signal a CE amplifier connection is shown in below figure.

Amplifier Output Of Transistor

The output from CE amplifier is either taken across the resistance RC or at the terminal 1 and 2. In both cases the magnitude of the output signal is same. Since

Output = Voltage drop across RC = ICRC

This method is used in amplifiers having single stage amplification only.

When the output is taken from the terminals 1 and 2 then the

Output = voltage across the terminals = VCE = VCC – ICRC

Since VCC is the D.C Voltage, it cannot pass across the coupling capacitor Cc. only varying output appears across the output terminals. Therefore

Output = -ICRC

Thus output is same in magnitude, but negative sign indicates the phase reversal. This method is used in multistage amplifier circuits.

As an amplifier, CE connected transistor can be represented as a 2 port network.

Input Resistance

When a small change of base emitter voltage (∆ VBE) is applied. It results in change in base current as ∆ IB at constant collector emitter voltage, then there ratio is called input resistance Ri.

Mathematically,

Ri = ∆VBE/∆IB = VBE/IB

So when 1 V is applied and if the base current is 2 mA, then the input resistance of the transistor amplifier will be

Ri = 1 / 2 X 10-3 = 500 ohms

Output Resistance

When the change in collector emitter voltage (∆VCE) at occurs to produce a change in collector current (∆IC) at constant base current, then their ratio is called output resistance (RO).

Mathematically,

RO = ∆VCE/∆IC

This value is very high due to reverse biasing of collector base PN junction.

Effective Collecotor Load

It is load offered to the A.C collector current. In case of single amplifiers, it is parallel combination of RC and RO.

Mathematically,

RAC = (RC X RO) / (RC + RO)

Since, RO is the output resistance and it is large, so

RC + RO = RO

Therefore

RAC = RC

Hence in a single stage amplifier, the effective load is equal to collector load RC.

In case of multistage amplifier, the input of next stage is connected to the output of first stage. So the effective output resistance will now be:

(RO X Ri) / (RO + Ri) ≈ Ri

Since RO is very much larger than Ri. Now the effective load resistance will be:

RAC = (RC X Ri) / (RC + Ri)

Thus the effective load resistance is decreased corresponding to the value of Ri.

Current Gain

Is the ratio of change in collector current ∆IC to the change in the base current.

Mathematically,

Current gain = β = ∆IC/∆IB

Its value ranges between 20 to 500.

Voltage Gain

Is the ratio of change in output voltage ∆VCE to the change in the input voltage ∆VBE.

Mathematically,

AV = ∆VCE/∆VBE = (∆IC X RAC) / (IB X Ri)

= (∆IC / ∆IB) X (RAC/Ri) = β X (RAC/Ri)

For single stage Ra = RC and for multistage:

RAC = (RC X Ri)/(RC + Ri)

Power Gain

It is the ratio output signal power to the input signal power.

Mathematically.

AP = β AV = Current gain X Voltage gain